After the big bounce back by the Indian markets today,there was some respite for the traders and investors atleast for the time being,but the big question is whether this bounce back will sustain or is it a mere short covering.A rate cut of 75bps by the FED supported by strong short covering lifted the Indian markets quite fantastically.Seeing the US markets and the European markets it is once again not very clear that whether the Bull run has started.Indian markets have almost bottomed out and therefore the possibility of another major corecction can be ruled out for the time being,and huge money is there in the hands of mutual fund which might pull up the markets,but an ordinary investor must still be very cautious and wait for some more time till the RELPOWER lists and FED cuts another 50 bps as xpected by the US markets.So this take atleast one week and all these will happen in the first week of February.So till then even if the markets bounces back encash ur stocks if they come back to ur original values.Global concerns are not over even temporarily.
On the eve of the historic fourth test between Inda & Auatralia the Indian team which was on a high after theb historic Perth win is now totally in shambles.All the praise over the team effort for the win is now in a total disarray after the announcement of the ODI squad.Captain Anil Kumble who led India to the historic win is obviously a disappointed man bcoz he feels that the senoir players are in the danger of losing their morale.The selection of Indian Cricket Team has done a wonderful job for the Australians by announcing the so called 'right' team exactly at the wrong time.The reasons given by the BCCI is so awkward that it has totally dishonoured the legends of Indian Cricket.Assume a situation if India loses this match and the series and the so called 'young blood Indian team' wins the ODI triseries.If that is the case then the Indian team shud concentrate and play only ODIs and not the test cricket.So BCCI is ready to forfiet Test Cricket for ODI.Whatever may the argument that Professional players must brush aside these things and play their natural game is totally rubbish here since bcoz of the simple fact that cricketers r also humans and not 'superhumans'. Losing a ODI match is not so new to our team and it si not that we always like to maintain the winning streak like the Aussies.My personal opinion is that the left out three Dravid,VVS and Dada shud be included in the team considering their present and past services to the Indian Cricket.The selectors had a 'selective amnesia'that this is their last tour of Australia and it will be mark of respect and a tribute for the big three for allowing thenm to play in the ODI series. Going for future is indeed gud but traeting of Seniors is also equally important as u groom future.One cannot treat the seniors who r respected by the cricketing Fraternity all over the world for their credentials in such a shaaby manner just for the likes of some X,Y or Z.
Dear students, It's a new blog created by me to share something what I know and to clear some of ur doubts in whatever areas it may be.Please post ur queries and make me to improve myself so that i can learn more.I will try my best in all ways to clear ur doubts.
Students of Third year and Final year of Engineering Colleges must now try to concentrate on things which are not there in their curriculum.What I emphasize here is to concentrate on areas like Problem Solving,Personality Development,Development of Soft Skills,Knowing some technical aspects which are beyond the syllabus and many more.They shud realise the fact that they days of their student life is numbered and they shud not take that in the other sense i.e we shud enjoy the maximum during this period.The job of a student does not end simply in being placed in a company through campus interview.The testing methods adopted by the Companies will not reveal exactly ur qualities.Many of the students who get placed, find difficulty in adjusting to the conditions demanded by their employers.So the problem lies xactly when u land in the premises of the employer and how u meet his xpectations.Lot of skills r xpected from today's Engineer and make sure that u posses these things.It will be highly premature to say that U shud posses all these qualities right now,but one shud have that sense and instinct in mind so that u have a vision within U and U r working constantly towards its achievement.I will just narrate an incident here to realise the importance of what I say.Anil Ambani,son of Dhirubai Ambani, founder of the Reliance group left to The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1981to do his masters in Business Administration. When he came back - on the 2nd of December 1982, 3 o'clock after finishing his last exam at Wharton,he took the 8 o'clock flight from New York, which is three hours' drive from Philadelphia and landed in Mumbai on the night of December 3. On 4th of December, he met his Father and said dad I've graduated, I've got my masters. I've done it in 14 months, instead of 24 months! So its time for a break; let me take two-three weeks off and 'chill out'. He said, "Absolutely not,You are going this evening to Ahmedabad and that's where you will stay for the next few years and look after our textile business." Anil asked, "Should I not get a break?" He said, "There will be enough time in the future for you to enjoy life, this is the time for you to work." And that was it, there was no further argument, there was no debate and he took the evening flight and stayed for the next five-six years in Ahmedabad, five days a week at thier textile plant. This incident highlights two important things, one is very clear that we shud work hard when we have the oppurtunity and take rest only after reaping the rewards The other IMPORTANT THING ONE SHUD UNDERSTAND HERE AND WHICH GOES AWAY UNNOTICED, IS THE RESPECT WHAT HE GAVE TO HIS FATHER'S WORDS.THE WAY HOW HE REACTED TO HIS FATHER'S WORDS HAS NOW MADE HIM THE THIRD RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD AND HE IS KNOCKING THE DOORS TO BECOME THE RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD.
Emerging Markets and Major Economic powerhouses are now scared of a term which is closely associated with the Superpower of the earth,the Unites States of America.This term which is threatening everybody which includes investment gaints and ordinary retailors is none other than 'RECESSION'.So what does this 'Recession' actually mean,literally it means an an extended decline in general business activity, typically two consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product. Now if the US is actually heading for a recession then will it have serious implications over India.Let's see,from billions of dollars in outsourced work to big-ticket jet deals, India’s economic linkages with the United States have grown rapidly in the past decade, and it is unlikely that this country can wish away any spillover from the financial turmoil in the world’s largest economy.The broader economy may lose between 1 to 2 percentage points in GDP growth next fiscal year, depending how far the crisis spreads, and Indian companies -- especially those with growing global footprints – could see some new pressure on their profitability, economists said. Stocks may have to wait longer to return to the days of fancy returns, while the hardship faced by exporters might last longer as the rupee hardens further against the dollar. The Indian government has for sometime downplayed any impact of the trouble in the US, which precipitated with bad home loans digging big holes in the balance sheets of some large banks. But on Wednesday, Commerce and Industry Minister Kamal Nath admitted that wasn’t the case. "No economy can totally decouple itself from the US," he said the World Economic Forum’s annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland. The first signs surfaced in the stock market earlier this week, with the Sensex shedding nearly 13 per cent in just two trading sessions, weighed down by global jitters.On Wednesday, the market bounced back after the US Federal Reserve cut its key rate by a surprise 75 basis points, stoking optimism that more money could plough into equities in emerging markets. Analysts, however, say the mood in the stock market may not stay upbeat for long.
Scoring 309/5 at a rate of 3.59 per over India have done reasonably well in the first day of the fouth and final testat Adelaide,thanks to a well composed unbeaten ton by the Master Blaster.Winning the toss Skipper Kumble rightly elected to bat and the openers gave a start which cannot be termed as a good one but at the same time cannot be ridiculed.Makeshift opener Irfan Pathan started well but cud not capitalise on the start.The other opener Virender Sehwag was attcking as usual and the way he plays clearly shows that his presence really gives a rollicking start to the team and when he is in flow even the best bowlers are demoralised.The problem with Sehwag is that he loses his wicket by playing a poor shot.The 'wall of India' too started well but failed to make any major impact.Dada must be rather unfortunate for missing out a good chance to show his batting prowess.VVS (Ver Very Special) is special as usual and his partnership with Sachin provided the necessary foundation for the Indians to launch an all out attack on the Aussies when they come to bat.Now it's up to the tail to bat well and post a score of around 450.It all depends on how Sachin and Dhoni bats in the second day,and if they can sustain the first session then definitely India can reach the above said score which may put pressure on the Aussies.
PHILOSOPHY People in the past,present and may be in the future,always try to be very conscious about developing their will power,obviously not keeping in mind that it is a pill if exceeded may kill you unknowingly.Yes,will power gradually graduates or manifests itself as 'will to power' which makes ones ego to strengthen his ego to the maximum.Time and again it is proved that root cause for all the problems and conflicts is none other than the 'ego'.That ego has to go from heart and soul of any human being to attain complete peace or what we call as 'nirvana'.This is highly impossible to achieve in the present fasttrack world.So where the solution lies,one has to be very careful in the moments of success and should be very careful about the way he or she deals with the success.We have seen in the past and present as well that when one succeeds in acheiving anything we can see an immediate reaction that ' I was determined to get that',such kind of statements and attitude seems gud for an ordinary man who strives hard to achieve materialistic pleasures,but for achieving something what we call as a divine pleasure these ststements will be of no help.we first start with 'I can do it'which finally ends up with 'I alone can do it',see the difference between the two statements.The first one is a humble one whereas the second one is more authoritative and autocratic.This is what is not necessary for a person who seeks something special.As we grow older we should be muach mature in our acts and talks,which means that we should try to detach ourselves from the materialistic pleasures of this world. Often we compare ourselves with beasts and boast that we have another sense in addition which is making wonders for us,but the real truth is that the sixth sense what we posses is not a boon for us it is infact a bane which is the cause of pain,suffering and agony.The sixth sense what we have is helping us only to increase our Ego and paving way for more pain.
You are doing a great job once again. All your posts are in the comment section rather than in your home page. I donno what u r missing.Will try to comment for ur posts whenever i get time.
Teaching Is considered by many as a lazy Profession and is also not respected by many which even includes educated people.The most common myth about teaching is that teachers simply say something which the students accept,but the reality is not that just because of the fact that students of the present age are much more informed and possess many other skills than the teacher.There is a common perception in the minds of people that teachers earn money simply by wasting their time.As a teacher I really feel sad for the way we are being percieved by the people.The real fact is that, to be a good teacher and to command respect from the students of all quarters it is very essential to possess certain qualities.The inherent quality of a good teacher must be the burning desire to learn more which includes areas other than his subject.The other important quality, is the approach what he or she shows towards the students.Nowadays students expect a caring and friendly approach,which should never cross the limit and turn as liberal.A good teacher very well understands this Lakshman Rekha and behaves accordingly with the students.No training programme or workshop will give the exact line of difference for crossing this limit,it can be gained only by experience and application of mind. These two qualities are sufficient to be called as a good teacher,but an exceptional teacher is the one who is multifaceted and knows more about many things and is the one who shows interest in all activities and takes part in them actively.Present age students are capable of learning their subjects on their own and what they need in their classroom is something more than the subject.
Do You Know? What Determines the amount of money printed by Country? In my childhood I had a question in my mind which continously haunted my mind and for which I could not get any convincing answer.The question which was perplexing me is put on the top,yes why can't we print more money and eradicate poverty from our country.It seems to be a silly question but it is a difficult one to get a concrete answer.Even my teachers could not satisfy me.But what is the real answer?Why can't we print more? Basically,A country can theoretically print any sum of money. This naturally leads to severe hyperinflation. Generally speaking a reputable country will produce enough bills and coinage to 'meet demand' - naturally money is always 'in demand' so this means replacing bills damaged through use. In the case of the US it should be noted that most 'money' doesn't exist in the form of money, and as a matter of fact most currency is actually held outside the country by foreigners. Money is the "stock" of a country, if too much money is printed or created holders may fear loss of value from dillution and start selling it to buy the currency of other countries. Like a stock the curency will fall until foreign investors support it by buying corporations, resources, and goods and services again. Now I think it is clear that 'Too much is too bad' hold good for maney also.
Many of the engineering students especially those from Self-financing colleges are alarmingly unaware of the basic economic terms like GDP,GNP,Inflation etc.These terms must be known in detail to an engineering student as it carries much importance to his profession.A lot of importance is attached to the word 'Recession' and we already saw how it is related with the GDP of a country. Now,What is GDP? How is it more important to the Development of a country? The gross domestic product (GDP) is one the primary indicators used to gauge the health of a country's economy. It represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period . Usually, GDP is expressed as a comparison to the previous quarter or year. For example, if the year-to-year GDP is up 3%, this is thought to mean that the economy has grown by 3% over the last year.
Measuring GDP is complicated but at its most basic, the calculation can be done in one of two ways: either by adding up what everyone earned in a year (income approach), or by adding up what everyone spent (expenditure method). Logically, both measures should arrive at roughly the same total. The income approach, which is sometimes referred to as GDP(I), is calculated by adding up total compensation to employees, gross profits for incorporated and non incorporated firms, and taxes less any subsidies. The expenditure method is the more common approach and is calculated by adding total consumption, investment, government spending and net exports. As one can imagine, economic production and growth, what GDP represents, has a large impact on nearly everyone within that economy. For example, when the economy is healthy, you will typically see low unemployment and wage increases as businesses demand labor to meet the growing economy. A significant change in GDP, whether up or down, usually has a significant effect on the stock market. It's not hard to understand why: a bad economy usually means lower profits for companies, which in turn means lower stock prices. Investors really worry about negative GDP growth, which is one of the factors economists use to determine whether an economy is in a recession.
What about the GDP of our country? Are we progressing in the right direction? Let's see some statistics and forecasts Economic think-tank NCAER on Wednesday revised the GDP forecast upward to 9.1 per cent for the current financial year, against the earlier estimate of 8.9 per cent, mainly on account of increase in investment activity. "The overall real GDP growth for 2007-08 has been revised upwards to 9.1 per cent," NCAER said in its latest quarterly review. The forecast comes a day after the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) retained its growth projection at 8.5 per cent for the current financial year. According to NCAER, the industrial sector is expected to record a rise of 9.1 per cent, against the earlier estimate of 9 per cent. NCAER retained the growth projection for the agriculture sector at 3.8 per cent, while the services growth rate would be marginally higher at 10.9 per cent (earlier estimate was 10.6 per cent).However, the overall growth has declined, compared to previous year and has been pegged at 9.35 per cent on account of deceleration in the output of both industry and services in the first half of the current year than in the same period a year ago, it said.However, there are positive developments too, it said, adding, capital inflows continued lending strong support to investment activity.Besides, a favourable monsoon improved the prospects of stronger agricultural performance, it said.
Even a man of resonable common sense agress the fact that NTPC is fundamentally stronger than REL power,but one thing everybody shud keep in mind is that People enter into share market just to make money in short period and not to keep invested for a long time.A year back NTPC was trading around 140 and RNRL was somewhere around 25.Just see what happened now?All the so called PUNDITS of share market say that RNRL has no fundamentals and nobody knows what is the business that it is doing. Now the next reply what the punters give is ,in bull market these stocks will run but when it comes to bear market these stocks will be hammered like anything.Now,people have purchased thousands of RNRL for around 50 and still they are in gud profit. The same story applies to Power Grid also.People run for money and in that sense these stocks are gud.Nobody questions the fundamentals of Power Grid or NTPC but what's the returns that it gave for an ordinary retailer in one year.That's the important thing one shud also see.Moreover one shud also remeber that RELIANCE is a brand name for stock market and people who trust AMBANIS will not be let down,that is a fact that everybody knows.There will be an oppurtunity to get profit at any time and the only thing is one shud be patient. Reliance Power is a company floated by AMBANI and please keep in mind that AMBANI Brothers are FINACIALLY,TECHINICALLY,POLITICALLY AND GLOBALLY stronger than the ordinary pundits of India who say these things about valuations,PE etc.This holds gud for the R pack stocks.See the response got for the IPO,that shows the faith of the people on AMBANI and RELIANCE.One can totally rely on RELIANCE,its not a myth it's a reality and truth.So please do not compare RELIANCE with any other stocks. This is my opinion
At 234 million mobile users and a total of 273 million phone subscribers as of December 31, 2007, India is among the fastest growing telecom markets in the world. Over the past few months, monthly growth in mobile telephony numbers has averaged 8 million.
Experts believe that soon this may touch 10 million since most of the population is yet to be covered by telephony. The current teledensity is only 23.89%.
It’s not just the growth in subscriber numbers that has put India on the forefront of the global telecom arena. Consider the changes in telecom tariffs as well. In 1995, a local call from a mobile phone cost as much as Rs 32 per minute, and one also paid a hefty amount for receiving calls. Now, outgoing call tariff has dropped to Re 1 per minute (on an average), and incoming local calls are free. Who knows, to what level the tariff will drop in the years to come?Consumption in the telecom sector has reached a new height already. According to Cygnus Business Consulting & Research 2008, the mobile population would touch between 325 million and 350 million by 2008-end.Since only about 2-3% of the rural population has access to mobiles, the next level of growth is expected from the rural areas. Currently, the GSM (global system of mobile) segment comprises 72% of the overall wireless market, while the rest 28% subscribe to CDMA (code division multiple access) services.With the phone tariff falling consistently, average revenue per user or ARPU has been on the decline too. The all-India blended ARPU per month declined by 7.4% from Rs 297 in June 2007 to Rs 275 in September 2007. The drop in the prepaid ARPU has been higher at 7.3%, as against 3.5% in postpaid. After more than a decade in the telecom sector, players have woken up to another aspect of the business that could be a money spinner. That is, operators are hiving off their tower business into separate entities, and then roping in investors and even planning IPOs to add value. However, the sector does have its set of concerns, such as the decline in number of fixed phones. The wireline or fixed phone subscriber base declined to 39.25 million in December 2007. It is led by PSUs, with the state-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd dominating with a market share of 82%.
Cricket The loss at the hands of the lankan Lions in the Canberra ODI has once again proved the fact that the only consistent thing about the Indian cricket Team is their inconsistency.After putting up a sterling perfomance aginst the World Champions the Indians lost their way once again.I think some of the Players in the present Indian team gets carried away by the perfomance of the past matches,especially Sreesanth.He has to show a great deal of character and bowl to his strength.The vice captain Yuvraj Singh is also totally out of sorts. He is there in Australia for more than 50 days and not even scored a 50.Captain Dhoni defends both these players and we have to wait and see for how long will he do this.If one see the matches that were won by India in last year it is clearly evident that they were achieved due to the solid opening partnership between Sachin and Saurav.Replacing Saurav with Sehwag has disturbed that and now we are eating the fruits of that.Selectors should realise that consistency in winning is more important than winning once in a blue moon.Even Bangladesh has won against the Aussies but do we compare Ausssies and Bangladeshis?The same thing is applicable to Indians as well.Selectors should take a stern action for players who are not performing well and resting in the perfomances of the past.Simply ignoring Good players and giving more chance to the younsters will spoil the Nation's pride and kill the charm of watching a wondeful game.
RELIANCE POWER The listing of the Reliance power on February 11 was in a dissapointing note as the hapless Indian Investors kept thier fingers crossed whether to sell and bool loss or to hold it for a long time.After all only a maximum of 17 shares was allotted for the retail investor and as such there is a maximum risk of losing around 1500 rupees which on has to take if he likes to be a part of the Share Market.But the question is why it did not meet the xpectations? what went wrong?There are several reasons for this pathetic perfomance of the largest subscribed IPO in the Idian History.One of the main reason is that the market is in a bear phase and te FIIs are in a selling mood.The second important thing is that it seems to be overpriced.But anyhow people who thought that they can get huge listing gains are forced to sell at loss.But holding the stock and rentering at the levels of around 250 will be good in long term and the brand name Reliance has got some magical powers in the stock market.my personal advice to the share holders is to hold them as it is evident that no HNI or Retail investor is selling and the selling is mainly due to the FIIs.The stock is still a gud one to hold considering its long term prospects,as everyone knows that the Power Sector is a Long term story.
What is the most sought thing in the world?If this question is asked, immediately most of us will reply that it is money and fame.Of course it is true to a greater extent in the present scenario.Most of us toil to earn more and to accumulate wealth so that it can be used in the future or it is used to improve the lifestyle.The other important thing one is very much fond of is 'fame'.Nobody in the world can boldly claim that he or she is not intersted in getting appreciated.People strive hard to be acclaimed by everybody and there are also people who simply want to be appreciated by others but do not do the necessary groundwork for that.Appreciation can be achieved only by the way of hard work and by sustained commitment to the work what they do.
After a long time I'm Back Lot of things have happened in the due course,Boiled oil,Stock markets hitting lows and then making a strong comeback,bomb blasts in Ahmedabad and Bangalore,Governement winning the Vote of Confidence,Nuclear deal to be inked at the earliest,Amarnath row and at last the Olympics.Let's discuss these issues slowly
One of the most important ingredient which is missing in present day's life is that we do not have enough inspiring leaders, as a result of which we are unable to reap the rewards of the energetic and flamboyant youth.One can remember the famous saying that 'youth are not useless but they are used less'Lack of inspirational leaders and motivating leaders is the root cause of the derailment of the path of the youth.People like Swami Vivekananda,A.P.J.Abdul Kalam,Dr Manmohan Singh and many more were instrumental in galvanizing the power of the youth for the upliftmrnt and betterment of the mankind and bringing the nation to the path of glory.Unfortunately we do not have sufficient leaders of that kind which is a great handicap for a country like us where entire potential of the youth is not fully tapped.The present day leaders and people who are there in high positions are neither inspiring nor ethical and utilize their position to make their own benefits of derive pleasure by virtue of their position.This sets a bad precedence and these actions make the youth to resort towards means which costs their happiness and life in the future.It is imperative that people who hold high positions must be inspiring and must be highly ethical thereby acting as a perfect role model for the younger generation.It is rather pathetic to say that people ignore their responsibilities and duties when they reach the pinnacle of success.The power of youth is always underestimated and the mantle has to be taken by the youngsters to make this nation proud and free this great nation from the clutches of these irresponsible and unethical leaders who are totally a burden for this mother earth.I really feel sad and agonized to say that wherever you go people are there to crush you and to dampen your spirits.The morality and the motivation of an aspiring youth is totally shattered by the leaders who bring disrepute for the position they hold.This is the bane of this country and remains forever and there is no solution in the near future to cleanse this.Even the holy waters of Ganga will of be in a position to cleanse this sin which is so deep rooted in our country.But the most heartening fact is that we THRIVE in spite of all these impediments.Just imagine a situation if we have selfless leaders,highly inspiring and motivating leaders,highly ethical leaders both personally and officially.We can turn this Nation into a SUPREME POWER in a much shorter time and make our country as a paradise in the earth.Students of College must take a cue from this and select leaders who fall in this category and strive hard to the development of the nation.Teachers of the present generation has this onerous responsibility to shape the students as they are the destiny of the nation and having said this the same qualities what I described to be present for the leaders should also be there in each and every teacher.Especially teachers of Engineering Colleges must have this in their mind and they should try to inculcate moral and human values in the minds of the young and budding engineers who are the architects of a nation.Students too should realize that they are in an Institution to learn and to improvise their knowledge in wide areas.There should a perfect synchronism of these things both in the minds of the teacher and the students and when that happens it is the Golden era for any nation.But as said earlier the chisel is in the hands of the leaders and persons who are there in responsible positions and the duty of carving a nice sculpture is entirely dependent on them.
ON THE night of August 7th, Mikheil Saakashvili, Georgia’s president, embarked on an ill-judged assault on South Ossetia, one of his country’s two breakaway enclaves. Russian tanks, troops and aircraft poured across the border. Just five days later, after pulverising the Georgian armed forces, Russia announced that it was ending its operations.
This brutal and efficient move (see article) was a victory for Vladimir Putin, Russia’s president-turned-prime-minister, not just over Georgia but also over the West, which has been trying to prise away countries on Russia’s western borders and turn them democratic, market-oriented and friendly. Now that Russia has shown what can happen to those that distance themselves from it, doing so will be harder in future. Living next to the bear
Russia has made perfunctory attempts to justify the invasion. It claimed that it was defending Russian citizens. This excuse, as Sweden’s foreign minister tartly noted, recalled Hitler’s justifications of Nazi invasions. Anyway, most of the “Russian citizens” in South Ossetia and Abkhazia had been handed their passports fairly recently, presumably in preparation for this foray.
Similarly, Russian attempts to draw analogies with NATO’s bombing of Serbia in 1999 and its encouragement of Kosovo’s independence, or with the American-led invasion of Iraq, do not wash. The latest fighting in South Ossetia may have been triggered by the Georgians, but it was largely engineered by the Russians, who have, over the years, fanned the flames of the conflict. As for the Iraqi parallel, not even the Russians pretend that Mr Saakashvili has ever been a threat to his neighbours and to the world. This was no sudden response to provocation, but a long-planned move. Mr Putin resents the West’s influence in former Soviet countries such as Georgia and Ukraine, and he dislikes the puckish Mr Saakashvili intensely. He may not yet have ousted him (indeed, ordinary Georgians have rallied to support their president—so far). But by thumping down Russia’s military fist in the Caucasus, he has made clear that Russia will not tolerate excessive signs of independence from its neighbours, including bids to join the NATO alliance.
This new Russian imperialism is bad news for all its neighbours. Mr Saakashvili is an impetuous nationalist who has lately tarnished his democratic credentials. His venture into South Ossetia was foolish and possibly criminal. But, unlike Mr Putin, he has led his country in a broadly democratic direction, curbed corruption and presided over rapid economic growth that has not relied, as Russia’s mostly does, on high oil and gas prices. America’s George Bush was right, if rather slow, to declare on August 11th that it was unacceptable in the 21st century for Russia to have invaded a sovereign neighbouring state and to threaten a democratically elected government.
Yet the hard truth, for Georgians and others, is that pleas for military backing from the West in any confrontation with Russia are unlikely to be heeded. The Americans gave Mr Saakashvili token help when they transported Georgian troops home from Iraq (where 2,000 of them made up the third-largest allied contingent). And they have now sent in humanitarian aid in military aircraft and ships. But nobody is willing to risk a wider war with Russia over its claimed near-abroad. Among Russia’s immediate neighbours, only the Baltic states, which slipped into NATO when Russia was weak, can claim such protection.
That does not mean the West should do nothing in response to Russia’s aggression against Georgia. On the contrary, it still has influence over the Russians, who remain surprisingly sensitive about their international image. That is why Western leaders must make quite clear their outrage over the invasion and continued bombing of Georgia. Few have done that so far; the Italians and Germans in particular have been shamefully silent.
Above all, the West must make plain to Mr Putin that Russia’s invasion of Georgia means an end to business as usual, even if it continues to work with him on issues such as Iran. America has already cancelled some military exercises with Russia. America and the Europeans should ensure that Russia is not let into more international clubs, such as the Paris-based OECD or the World Trade Organisation. Now would also be an appropriate time to strengthen the rich-country G7, which excludes Russia, at the expense of the G8, which includes it.
The European Union, which has too often split into camps of appeasers and tough-talkers over Russia, should drop negotiations on a new partnership and co-operation agreement. Visa restrictions should be tightened, and the personal finances abroad of top Russian officials probed more carefully. The EU should work harder at reducing its dependence on Russian energy imports and improving internal energy connections—and EU countries should stop striking bilateral deals with Russia. Let them in
In the short term, none of this is likely to deter Russia from reasserting itself in the Caucasus if it feels inclined to do so. Together, though, such measures might give Mr Putin pause before trying anything similar elsewhere—for instance in Crimea, a part of Ukraine that is home not only to many thousands of Russians but also to Russia’s Black Sea fleet. The clearer the West’s displeasure, the better the chances of getting peacekeepers and monitors from other countries into Abkhazia and South Ossetia to replace the Russian troops which have been there as peacekeepers since the early 1990s, but which should leave as they are now clearly occupying forces.
Most importantly, although Mr Saakashvili’s foolishness makes admitting Georgia harder, Russia’s incursion should not delay plans to let Ukraine and Georgia into NATO. Russia’s aggression will make these countries, and others, keener than ever on joining. The worst outcome of this war would be for the West to allow Russia a veto over any sovereign country’s membership of either NATO or the EU. (Courtesy THE ECONOMIST)
EEE students of MCE 2 marks questions and answers will be posted on Monday i.e on 3rd nov,It is under preparation.If U need any clarification please post
2 Marks Questions and Answers Design of Electrical apparatus Unit I 1.Give the most important difference between Electric and Magnetic circuit. It arises from the fact that in Electric circuit the resistance is directly dependent upon the value of current flowing and may be regarded s constant for ordinary purposes the value of reluctance of a magnetic material is dependent upon the flux passing through it. 2.Why the air gap length should be kept as minimum as possible? Because to reduce the reluctance. 3.What is Leakage flux? That flux which strays away from the main path is called as leakage flux. 4.How does leakage flux affects the performance of a machine. It affects the excitation demands of salient pole machine,the leakage reactance of the windings,voltage regulation of a.c generators and transformers,commutation conditions for D.C.machines,stray load losses,circulating currents in transformer tank walls etc. 5.What is Leakage Co-efficient? it is defined as Ct=Useful flux+Leakage Flux/Useful Flux. 6.What are the problems associated with calculation of MMF a.the iron surfaces around the airgap are not smooth and so the calculation of MMF may give wrong results. b.One or both iron surfaces around the airgap may be slotted so that the flux tends to concentrate on the teeth rather than distributing uniformly. c.There are radial ventilating ducts in the machine for cooling purposes. d.In salient pole machines the gap dimensions are not constant over the whole pole pitch. 7.What will the value of reluctance of air gap for a slotted armature? The value will be kgs times that with smoothe armature and Kgs has value greater than Unity. 8.What is the effect of Saliency while calculating the reluctance of the air gap? The length of airgap is not constant over the whole pitch.This gives rise to different values of air gap density over the pole pitch. 9.Define Stacking Factor It is the ratio of Actual iron length of iron in a stack of assembled core plates to the total axial length of stack. 10.What influences the value of stacking factor? It depends on the thickness of the plates and the type of the insulating material used.It also depends upon the thickness of the core and the type of insulation used for the laminations.It is normally assumed to be a value of 0.9 11.State the methods employed to calculate the MMF for a tapered teeth a.Graphical Method,b.Three ordinate method(Simpson's Rule),c.Bt1/3 method. 12.Define Apparent and Real flux density. Apparent Flux density=total flux in slot pitch/tooth Area real Flux density = Actual Flux in tooth/Tooth area. 13.What causes iron losses? When ferro magnetic materials are subjected to a flux in fixed direction in space and having magnitude varying in time,losses are produced in the material called as iron or core losses. 14.Write short notes on Hysteresis loss and Eddy current losses. Cyclic magnetization of a material occurs with a certain loss of energy.this hysteresis loss is due to form of inter molecular friction.the loss per cycle is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop and depend upon the quality of the material.The loss is expressed in terms of loss per unit volume or per unit mass.It is proportional to the frequency and proportional to the square of the magnetic flux density. Eddy current are applied to those electric currents which circulate within a mass of conducting material when the latter is situated in a varying magnetic field.The conducting material may be considered as consisting of large number of closed conducting paths,each of which behaves like a short circuited winding.the varying magnetic field induces eddy emfs in these closed paths giving rise to eddy currents.These eddy currents produces losses in power resulting heating of materials.This loss is of importance as its effects the efficiency and heating of electrical machines. 15.How are eddy current losses reduced? The magnetic materials used for varying magnetic fields are laminated so as to reduce eddy currents and associated losses as by laminating the area of the paths of eddy currents is reduced giving rise to a large value of resistance. 16.What is called as 'Rotating Hysteresis' Rotors of rotating machines are subjected to fluxes that change their direction on account of their rotation.This is called as rotating Hysteresis. 17.What are Pulsation losses? In rotating machines the armatures are slotted and as a result when the rotor moves there are rapid changes of local gap reluctances.this change in reluctance gives rise to flux pulsations producing additional losses called as pulsation losses. 18.Define specific permeance Permeance per unit length is called as Specific permeance. 19.Define Leakage Reactance. When leakage flux is associated with a winding carrying 'steady state ' alternating current a reactive voltage is produced.The magnetic reluctance offered to leakage flux is predominantly due to the air path under normal circumstances and leakage reactance ids directly proportional to current giving constant inductance.Therefore the reactive voltage may be regarded as due to a voltage drop in a constant leakage reactance. 20.Name the principal components of Armature leakage flux. a.Slot leakage flux,b.Tooth Top leakage Flux,c.ZigZag Leakage flux,d.Overhang Leakage flux,e.Harmonic Leakage flux,f.Skew leakage flux,g.Peripheral leakage flux.
UNIT II D.C.Machines. 1.What is total Electric loading? The total flux around the armature periphery at the air gap is called the total magnetic loading. 2.What is total electric loading? The total number of ampere conductors around the armature is called as the total electric loading. 3.Define Specific Electric and Magnetic loading. The number of armature ampere conductors per meter of the armature is called as the specif electric loading. Similarly the average flux density over the air gap of the machine is called as the specific magnetic loading. 4.What are the factors which affects the size of the rotating machine? a.Speed,b.Output coefficient. 5.What are the factors that affect the choice of specific magnetic loading? a.Maximum flux density in iron parts of the machine b.Magnetizing current c.Core losses. (to be continued)
UNIT II (Continuation) 6.What is Output Equation? the output of a machine can be expressed in terms of its main dimensions,Specific magnetic and electric loading and speed.This equation describing the relationship is called as the Output equation. 7.What are the factors which influence the choice of specific Electric loading? a.permissible temperature rise,b.Voltage,c.Cooling coefficient,d.Size of the machine,e.Current density. 8.Define Space factor. It is the ratio of bare conductor area to the total slot area 9.What will be the values of Space factor for high voltage machines and Why is it so? It should be lower since greater insulation thickness is required. 10.What factors influence the separation of D&L for a machine. a.Machine Proportion,b.Peripheral speed,c.Moment of Inertia,d.Volatge between adjacent segments. 11.Give the formula for peripheral speed. Va = Pi * Dn 12.What is meant by staggering of brushes and why is done? In order to prevent formation of ridges on the commutator surfaces,due to all brushes following the same track,brushes are staggered i.e.set in slightly different axial positions.Each set of +ve brushes are staggered in the axial direction with relation to the previous set of +ve brushes and -ve brushes are also similarly arranged.Each part on the commutator surface is swept past by the same number of +ve and -ve brushes resulting in uniform wear and tear of commutator with consequent absence of ridges. 13.What are the factors affecting the selection of poles? a.frequency,b.Weight of the iron parts(Yoke area,Armature core area,overall diameter),c.Weight of copper,d.Length of Commutator,e.Labour charge,f.Flash over,g.Distortion of field form 14.How many brush arms are employed in a D.C. machine? it is equal to the number of poles in lap wound armature and for machines with wave winding it is 2. 15.What is meant by active portion of the conductor? Portion of the conductor which is embedded in the slot is called as active portion. 16.What are the advantages of having higher number of poles? Higher number of poles results in reduction of the following. a.Weight of armature core and yoke. b.Cost of armature and field conductors. c.Overall length and diameter of the machine. d.Length of the commutator. e.distortion of field form under loaded conditions. 17.State the guiding factors for selection of number of poles. a.frequency of flux reversals should be in the range of 25 to 50 Hz. b.The value of current/parallel path is limited to 200A,current/brush arm should not be more than 400A c.the armature MMF must not be exceedingly large. 18.Give the range of peripheral speed and why it should not be exceeded. The peripheral speed is sometimes the limiting factor for the diameter of the machine.The peripheral sped lies between 15 to 50 m/s and the lower value corresponds to the low speed machines.The value of peripheral speed should not exceed 30m/s because the bands of the binding wires of the overhang will have to be made strong. 19.The cross section of the pole should be circular Why? In order that the length of the mean turn of the field winding is minimum as a circle gives minimum peripheral for a given area.Thus a circular pole section would result in reduction of cost of copper and also reduced field copper loss. 20.Give the equation for generated EMF for both generator and motor. E = V+IaRa for Generator E = V-IaRa for Motor. 21.Which type of winding is suited for high voltage machine? Wave windings are preferred for high voltage machines and for small and medium speed machines.Wave winding has smaller number of conductors and therefore require smaller number of coils.This reduces the cost of manufacture and repair.Moreover there is no need for equalizer connections.Wave windings can be used for machines which have their rated current upto 400A and beyond this rating lap winding is to be used. 22.What are the advantages and disadvantages of lap winding. Advantages. a.The winding can be short pitched.This results in saving of copper and hence reduction in cost. b.There are even coils/slot therefore it is possible to use more than one arrangement of conductors in the slot. c.Each coil closes on itself at the commutator end,therefore the coils are easy to form and to wound in the core than in the case of wave windings. Disadvantages a.It requires equalizer connections which increases cost of the machine and complicate the construction. 23.State the factors that influence the number of armature slots. a.Mechanical difficulties,b.Cooling of armature conductors,c.Flux pulsations,d.Commutation. 24.How many segments are used for commutator. It is equal to the number of coils.The minimum number of segments is that which gives 15V between the segments at no load C = 1/2 US 25.What are the losses at the commutator segments? a. Brush contact loss b.Brush friction loss 26.What are the assumptions made in the field winding design? a.A suitable value of leakage coefficient. b.Flux density in the pole shoes. c.Field MMF at full load. d.ratio of Field MMF at full load to armature MMF at full load. 27.What will be the diameter of the commutator? It lies between 0.6 to 0.8 of armature diameter. (To be continued)
UNIT III 1.TRANSFORMERS Which type of transformers have high efficiency? Power transformers have higher efficiency ranging from 95% to 99.5% depending upon the power rating.The greater the power rating the higher the efficiency. 2.How is the flux path completed in a shell type transformer? In a shell type transformer the windings are put around the central limb and the flux path is completed through the side limbs. 3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of three phase transformers over a bank of three single phase transformers. Advantages a.It's lighter,cheaper,more efficient and occupies less space. b.Installation cost is less as there is only one unit to install. c.Operational cost is less. Disadvantages. a.Difficult to transport as weight/unit is more. b.In case of a fault the entire unit has to replaced. 4.What is a three winding transformer? It is one which consists of three sets of windings namely primary,secondary and tertiary.These transformers have a large KVA rating and are operated at three different voltage levels namely High,Medium and low. 5.What are the reasons for using a third winding called as tertiary winding? a.To supply a small additional load at a different voltage. b.To supply phase compensating devices such as capacitors required for PF improvement which can be operated at different voltage. c.In star/star or star/zig zag transformer a delta connected tertiary winding reduces the zero sequence impedance and allows adequate earth fault current to flow for the operation of protective device in order to limit the voltage imbalance which may be produced when the load is unbalanced. d.To indicate voltage in a HV testing transformer. 6.How are transformers used in power systems classified? a.Distribution transformers b.Power transformers. 7.What are distribution transformers? Transformers upto a size of about 200 KVA used to step down the distribution voltage to a standard service voltage or from transmission voltage to distribution voltage are called as distribution transformers.They are kept in operation all the 24 hours a day whether they are carrying any load or not.Energy is lost in iron losses throughout the day while the copper losses account for loss in energy when the transformer is on load.Therefore these transformers should have their iron losses as small as possible when compared to their copper losses.They should be designed to have a good voltage regulation and therefore they should be designed for smaller value of leakage reactance. 8.How should the power transformers be designed? Power transformers are put in operation during load periods and are disconnected during light load periods.Therefore these transformers should be designed to have maximum efficiency at or near full load.They are designed to have greater leakage reactance that that of the distribution transformers as he need for voltage regulation is not that important.Here the current limiting effect is much more important so the need for higher leakage reactance is justified. 9.What are the important desirable characteristics of a transformer oil. a.Electric strength. It should have a high dielectric strength in order to minimize clearances between the coils and from the windings to the tank.The minimum electric strength of new oils should be 3KV/mm. b.Resistance to Emulsion. Oil should have high resistance to emulsion in order to prevent holding water suspension in it. c.Viscosity. Viscosity of the oil should be small to permit rapid circulation of oil. d.Purity. Oil should not contain any acid,alkali or sulphur compounds. e.Flash Point. Flash point is the temperature at which the oil vapour ignites spontaneously.The lower the flash point the greater the vaporization of the oil.Flash point should be higher than 104 degree centigrade. f.Sludge formation. Sludging means slow formation of solid hydrocarbons due to heating and oxidation.Sludge is a poor conductor of heat and therefore it produces temperature gradient across winding insulation causing overheating of conductors.The deposition of sludge in the oil duct does not allow the coil to circulate freely thereby impairing cooling.The resultant increased temperature produces more sludge.This process of sludge formation and consequent overheating will continue till the transformer becomes unserviceable.Therefore contact of oil with air should be avoided in order to prevent sludge formation. 10.What are transformer bushings? Transformers are connected to HV buses and so care must be taken to prevent flash over from HV connection to earthed bank.Connection for cables are made in cable boxes,but overhead connections must be brought through bushings specifically designed for different voltage classes.The bushings consists of current carrying parts in the form of conductor rod,bus or cable in porcelain cylinder installed in a hole in the transformer cover and is used for isolating the current carrying part.
Transformers (Contd) 11..What are tappings and what do you mean by +ve and -ve tappings? The voltage of power networks supplied by transformers can be controlled by changing the ratio of transformation of the transformer.The change in transformation ratio can be effected by providing tappings on the transformer windings.The tappings are connections provided at different places in the winding.The tappings at which the turns included are more than that of the principal tapping is called +ve tapping while a tapping at which number of turns included is less than the number of turns included at principal tapping is called -ve tapping. 12.Why are tappings always provided in the HV side of the transformer? a.Number of HV winding is large and therefore a fine regulation is obtained. b.Current in LV side is very high.Therefore provision of tappings on LV windings is not practically possible. c.The LV winding is placed on the inside nearer to the cores while the HV winding is placed outside.Therefore on account of the practical considerations it is simpler to provide tappings on the HV side. d.It reduces the core losses which increases the efficiency during light loads. 13.What is meant by Off load tap changing and On load tap changing? The tappings may be changed when the transformer is disconnected from the supply.This is called as off load tap changing.The off circuit tap changing is used for occasional adjustments as in the distribution transformers which are provided with +-5% and +- 2.5% taps.The tappings may also be changed while the transformer is energized or on loads.This is called as on load tap changing. 14.What are the quantities for which a transformer is designed optimally? a.Total volume b.Total weight c.Total cost d.Total losses. 15.Why are circular coils preferred for high voltage distribution transformers? Circular coils are preferred because of their superior mechanical characteristics.A transformer coil under mechanical stresses produced by excessive leakage flux due to short circuits tend to assume a circular form.On circular coils these forces are radial and there is no tendency for the coil to change its shape, on rectangular coils the forces are perpendicular to the conductors and tend to give the coil a circular form thus deforming it. 16.What is circumscribing circle? As the size of the transformer increases it becomes a waste to use a rectangular core.For this purpose the core are square shaped,the circle represents the inner surface if the tubular form carrying the windings.This circle is called a circumscribing circle.For larger transformers cruciform cores which utilizes the space better are used. 17.What are the advantages of choosing a higher flux density for the core? Higher flux density gives a smaller core area and therefore there is a saving in cost of iron.Also with reduction in core area the length of the mean turn of the windings is also reduced.thus there is saving in copper and iron costs.
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29 comments:
After the big bounce back by the Indian markets today,there was some respite for the traders and investors atleast for the time being,but the big question is whether this bounce back will sustain or is it a mere short covering.A rate cut of 75bps by the FED supported by strong short covering lifted the Indian markets quite fantastically.Seeing the US markets and the European markets it is once again not very clear that whether the Bull run has started.Indian markets have almost bottomed out and therefore the possibility of another major corecction can be ruled out for the time being,and huge money is there in the hands of mutual fund which might pull up the markets,but an ordinary investor must still be very cautious and wait for some more time till the RELPOWER lists and FED cuts another 50 bps as xpected by the US markets.So this take atleast one week and all these will happen in the first week of February.So till then even if the markets bounces back encash ur stocks if they come back to ur original values.Global concerns are not over even temporarily.
On the eve of the historic fourth test between Inda & Auatralia the Indian team which was on a high after theb historic Perth win is now totally in shambles.All the praise over the team effort for the win is now in a total disarray after the announcement of the ODI squad.Captain Anil Kumble who led India to the historic win is obviously a disappointed man bcoz he feels that the senoir players are in the danger of losing their morale.The selection of Indian Cricket Team has done a wonderful job for the Australians by announcing the so called 'right' team exactly at the wrong time.The reasons given by the BCCI is so awkward that it has totally dishonoured the legends of Indian Cricket.Assume a situation if India loses this match and the series and the so called 'young blood Indian team' wins the ODI triseries.If that is the case then the Indian team shud concentrate and play only ODIs and not the test cricket.So BCCI is ready to forfiet Test Cricket for ODI.Whatever may the argument that Professional players must brush aside these things and play their natural game is totally rubbish here since bcoz of the simple fact that cricketers r also humans and not 'superhumans'.
Losing a ODI match is not so new to our team and it si not that we always like to maintain the winning streak like the Aussies.My personal opinion is that the left out three Dravid,VVS and Dada shud be included in the team considering their present and past services to the Indian Cricket.The selectors had a 'selective amnesia'that this is their last tour of Australia and it will be mark of respect and a tribute for the big three for allowing thenm to play in the ODI series.
Going for future is indeed gud but traeting of Seniors is also equally important as u groom future.One cannot treat the seniors who r respected by the cricketing Fraternity all over the world for their credentials in such a shaaby manner just for the likes of some X,Y or Z.
Dear students,
It's a new blog created by me to share something what I know and to clear some of ur doubts in whatever areas it may be.Please post ur queries and make me to improve myself so that i can learn more.I will try my best in all ways to clear ur doubts.
Students of Third year and Final year of Engineering Colleges must now try to concentrate on things which are not there in their curriculum.What I emphasize here is to concentrate on areas like Problem Solving,Personality Development,Development of Soft Skills,Knowing some technical aspects which are beyond the syllabus and many more.They shud realise the fact that they days of their student life is numbered and they shud not take that in the other sense i.e we shud enjoy the maximum during this period.The job of a student does not end simply in being placed in a company through campus interview.The testing methods adopted by the Companies will not reveal exactly ur qualities.Many of the students who get placed, find difficulty in adjusting to the conditions demanded by their employers.So the problem lies xactly when u land in the premises of the employer and how u meet his xpectations.Lot of skills r xpected from today's Engineer and make sure that u posses these things.It will be highly premature to say that U shud posses all these qualities right now,but one shud have that sense and instinct in mind so that u have a vision within U and U r working constantly towards its achievement.I will just narrate an incident here to realise the importance of what I say.Anil Ambani,son of Dhirubai Ambani, founder of the Reliance group left to The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1981to do his masters in Business Administration. When he came back - on the 2nd of December 1982, 3 o'clock after finishing his last exam at Wharton,he took the 8 o'clock flight from New York, which is three hours' drive from Philadelphia and landed in Mumbai on the night of December 3.
On 4th of December, he met his Father and said dad I've graduated, I've got my masters. I've done it in 14 months, instead of 24 months! So its time for a break; let me take two-three weeks off and 'chill out'. He said, "Absolutely not,You are going this evening to Ahmedabad and that's where you will stay for the next few years and look after our textile business."
Anil asked, "Should I not get a break?" He said, "There will be enough time in the future for you to enjoy life, this is the time for you to work." And that was it, there was no further argument, there was no debate and he took the evening flight and stayed for the next five-six years in Ahmedabad, five days a week at thier textile plant.
This incident highlights two important things, one is very clear that we shud work hard when we have the oppurtunity and take rest only after reaping the rewards
The other IMPORTANT THING ONE SHUD UNDERSTAND HERE AND WHICH GOES AWAY UNNOTICED, IS THE RESPECT WHAT HE GAVE TO HIS FATHER'S WORDS.THE WAY HOW HE REACTED TO HIS FATHER'S WORDS HAS NOW MADE HIM THE THIRD RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD AND HE IS KNOCKING THE DOORS TO BECOME THE RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD.
Emerging Markets and Major Economic powerhouses are now scared of a term which is closely associated with the Superpower of the earth,the Unites States of America.This term which is threatening everybody which includes investment gaints and ordinary retailors is none other than 'RECESSION'.So what does this 'Recession' actually mean,literally it means an an extended decline in general business activity, typically two consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.
Now if the US is actually heading for a recession then will it have serious implications over India.Let's see,from billions of dollars in outsourced work to
big-ticket jet deals, India’s economic linkages with the United States have grown rapidly in the past decade, and it is unlikely that this country can wish away any spillover from the financial turmoil in the world’s largest economy.The broader economy may lose between 1 to 2 percentage points in GDP growth next fiscal year, depending how far the crisis spreads, and Indian companies -- especially those with growing global footprints – could see some new pressure on their profitability, economists said.
Stocks may have to wait longer to return to the days of fancy returns, while the hardship faced by exporters might last longer as the rupee hardens further against the dollar.
The Indian government has for sometime downplayed any impact of the trouble in the US, which precipitated with bad home loans digging big holes in the balance sheets of some large banks.
But on Wednesday, Commerce and Industry Minister Kamal Nath admitted that wasn’t the case.
"No economy can totally decouple itself from the US," he said the World Economic Forum’s annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland.
The first signs surfaced in the stock market earlier this week, with the Sensex shedding nearly 13 per cent in just two trading sessions, weighed down by global jitters.On Wednesday, the market bounced back after the US Federal Reserve cut its key rate by a surprise 75 basis points, stoking optimism that more money could plough into equities in emerging markets. Analysts, however, say the mood in the stock market may not stay upbeat for long.
Scoring 309/5 at a rate of 3.59 per over India have done reasonably well in the first day of the fouth and final testat Adelaide,thanks to a well composed unbeaten ton by the Master Blaster.Winning the toss Skipper Kumble rightly elected to bat and the openers gave a start which cannot be termed as a good one but at the same time cannot be ridiculed.Makeshift opener Irfan Pathan started well but cud not capitalise on the start.The other opener Virender Sehwag was attcking as usual and the way he plays clearly shows that his presence really gives a rollicking start to the team and when he is in flow even the best bowlers are demoralised.The problem with Sehwag is that he loses his wicket by playing a poor shot.The 'wall of India' too started well but failed to make any major impact.Dada must be rather unfortunate for missing out a good chance to show his batting prowess.VVS (Ver Very Special) is special as usual and his partnership with Sachin provided the necessary foundation for the Indians to launch an all out attack on the Aussies when they come to bat.Now it's up to the tail to bat well and post a score of around 450.It all depends on how Sachin and Dhoni bats in the second day,and if they can sustain the first session then definitely India can reach the above said score which may put pressure on the Aussies.
Well done Roy U r doing a wonderful and commendable job,keep going.
PHILOSOPHY
People in the past,present and may be in the future,always try to be very conscious about developing their will power,obviously not keeping in mind that it is a pill if exceeded may kill you unknowingly.Yes,will power gradually graduates or manifests itself as 'will to power' which makes ones ego to strengthen his ego to the maximum.Time and again it is proved that root cause for all the problems and conflicts is none other than the 'ego'.That ego has to go from heart and soul of any human being to attain complete peace or what we call as 'nirvana'.This is highly impossible to achieve in the present fasttrack world.So where the solution lies,one has to be very careful in the moments of success and should be very careful about the way he or she deals with the success.We have seen in the past and present as well that when one succeeds in acheiving anything we can see an immediate reaction that ' I was determined to get that',such kind of statements and attitude seems gud for an ordinary man who strives hard to achieve materialistic pleasures,but for achieving something what we call as a divine pleasure these ststements will be of no help.we first start with 'I can do it'which finally ends up with 'I alone can do it',see the difference between the two statements.The first one is a humble one whereas the second one is more authoritative and autocratic.This is what is not necessary for a person who seeks something special.As we grow older we should be muach mature in our acts and talks,which means that we should try to detach ourselves from the materialistic pleasures of this world.
Often we compare ourselves with beasts and boast that we have another sense in addition which is making wonders for us,but the real truth is that the sixth sense what we posses is not a boon for us it is infact a bane which is the cause of pain,suffering and agony.The sixth sense what we have is helping us only to increase our Ego and paving way for more pain.
hello sir,
You are doing a great job once again. All your posts are in the comment section rather than in your home page. I donno what u r missing.Will try to comment for ur posts whenever i get time.
Teaching
Is considered by many as a lazy Profession and is also not respected by many which even includes educated people.The most common myth about teaching is that teachers simply say something which the students accept,but the reality is not that just because of the fact that students of the present age are much more informed and possess many other skills than the teacher.There is a common perception in the minds of people that teachers earn money simply by wasting their time.As a teacher I really feel sad for the way we are being percieved by the people.The real fact is that, to be a good teacher and to command respect from the students of all quarters it is very essential to possess certain qualities.The inherent quality of a good teacher must be the burning desire to learn more which includes areas other than his subject.The other important quality, is the approach what he or she shows towards the students.Nowadays students expect a caring and friendly approach,which should never cross the limit and turn as liberal.A good teacher very well understands this Lakshman Rekha and behaves accordingly with the students.No training programme or workshop will give the exact line of difference for crossing this limit,it can be gained only by experience and application of mind.
These two qualities are sufficient to be called as a good teacher,but an exceptional teacher is the one who is multifaceted and knows more about many things and is the one who shows interest in all activities and takes part in them actively.Present age students are capable of learning their subjects on their own and what they need in their classroom is something more than the subject.
Do You Know?
What Determines the amount of money printed by Country?
In my childhood I had a question in my mind which continously haunted my mind and for which I could not get any convincing answer.The question which was perplexing me is put on the top,yes why can't we print more money and eradicate poverty from our country.It seems to be a silly question but it is a difficult one to get a concrete answer.Even my teachers could not satisfy me.But what is the real answer?Why can't we print more?
Basically,A country can theoretically print any sum of money. This naturally leads to severe hyperinflation.
Generally speaking a reputable country will produce enough bills and coinage to 'meet demand' - naturally money is always 'in demand' so this means replacing bills damaged through use. In the case of the US it should be noted that most 'money' doesn't exist in the form of money, and as a matter of fact most currency is actually held outside the country by foreigners.
Money is the "stock" of a country, if too much money is printed or created holders may fear loss of value from dillution and start selling it to buy the currency of other countries. Like a stock the curency will fall until foreign investors support it by buying corporations, resources, and goods and services again.
Now I think it is clear that 'Too much is too bad' hold good for maney also.
Many of the engineering students especially those from Self-financing colleges are alarmingly unaware of the basic economic terms like GDP,GNP,Inflation etc.These terms must be known in detail to an engineering student as it carries much importance to his profession.A lot of importance is attached to the word 'Recession' and we already saw how it is related with the GDP of a country.
Now,What is GDP? How is it more important to the Development of a country?
The gross domestic product (GDP) is one the primary indicators used to gauge the health of a country's economy. It represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period . Usually, GDP is expressed as a comparison to the previous quarter or year. For example, if the year-to-year GDP is up 3%, this is thought to mean that the economy has grown by 3% over the last year.
Measuring GDP is complicated but at its most basic, the calculation can be done in one of two ways: either by adding up what everyone earned in a year (income approach), or by adding up what everyone spent (expenditure method). Logically, both measures should arrive at roughly the same total.
The income approach, which is sometimes referred to as GDP(I), is calculated by adding up total compensation to employees, gross profits for incorporated and non incorporated firms, and taxes less any subsidies. The expenditure method is the more common approach and is calculated by adding total consumption, investment, government spending and net exports.
As one can imagine, economic production and growth, what GDP represents, has a large impact on nearly everyone within that economy. For example, when the economy is healthy, you will typically see low unemployment and wage increases as businesses demand labor to meet the growing economy. A significant change in GDP, whether up or down, usually has a significant effect on the stock market. It's not hard to understand why: a bad economy usually means lower profits for companies, which in turn means lower stock prices. Investors really worry about negative GDP growth, which is one of the factors economists use to determine whether an economy is in a recession.
What about the GDP of our country?
Are we progressing in the right direction?
Let's see some statistics and forecasts
Economic think-tank NCAER on Wednesday revised the GDP forecast upward to 9.1 per cent for the current financial year, against the earlier estimate of 8.9 per cent, mainly on account of increase in investment activity.
"The overall real GDP growth for 2007-08 has been revised upwards to 9.1 per cent," NCAER said in its latest quarterly review.
The forecast comes a day after the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) retained its growth projection at 8.5 per cent for the current financial year.
According to NCAER, the industrial sector is expected to record a rise of 9.1 per cent, against the earlier estimate of 9 per cent.
NCAER retained the growth projection for the agriculture sector at 3.8 per cent, while the services growth rate would be marginally higher at 10.9 per cent (earlier estimate was 10.6 per cent).However, the overall growth has declined, compared to previous year and has been pegged at 9.35 per cent on account of deceleration in the output of both industry and services in the first half of the current year than in the same period a year ago, it said.However, there are positive developments too, it said, adding, capital inflows continued lending strong support to investment activity.Besides, a favourable monsoon improved the prospects of stronger agricultural performance, it said.
Even a man of resonable common sense agress the fact that NTPC is fundamentally stronger than REL power,but one thing everybody shud keep in mind is that People enter into share market just to make money in short period and not to keep invested for a long time.A year back NTPC was trading around 140 and RNRL was somewhere around 25.Just see what happened now?All the so called PUNDITS of share market say that RNRL has no fundamentals and nobody knows what is the business that it is doing.
Now the next reply what the punters give is ,in bull market these stocks will run but when it comes to bear market these stocks will be hammered like anything.Now,people have purchased thousands of RNRL for around 50 and still they are in gud profit.
The same story applies to Power Grid also.People run for money and in that sense these stocks are gud.Nobody questions the fundamentals of Power Grid or NTPC but what's the returns that it gave for an ordinary retailer in one year.That's the important thing one shud also see.Moreover one shud also remeber that RELIANCE is a brand name for stock market and people who trust AMBANIS will not be let down,that is a fact that everybody knows.There will be an oppurtunity to get profit at any time and the only thing is one shud be patient.
Reliance Power is a company floated by AMBANI and please keep in mind that AMBANI Brothers are FINACIALLY,TECHINICALLY,POLITICALLY AND GLOBALLY stronger than the ordinary pundits of India who say these things about valuations,PE etc.This holds gud for the R pack stocks.See the response got for the IPO,that shows the faith of the people on AMBANI and RELIANCE.One can totally rely on RELIANCE,its not a myth it's a reality and truth.So please do not compare RELIANCE with any other stocks.
This is my opinion
At 234 million mobile users and a total of 273 million phone subscribers as of December 31, 2007, India is among the fastest growing telecom markets in the world. Over the past few months, monthly growth in mobile telephony numbers has averaged 8 million.
Experts believe that soon this may touch 10 million since most of the population is yet to be covered by telephony. The current teledensity is only 23.89%.
It’s not just the growth in subscriber numbers that has put India on the forefront of the global telecom arena. Consider the changes in telecom tariffs as well. In 1995, a local call from a mobile phone cost as much as Rs 32 per minute, and one also paid a hefty amount for receiving calls. Now, outgoing call tariff has dropped to Re 1 per minute (on an average), and incoming local calls are free. Who knows, to what level the tariff will drop in the years to come?Consumption in the telecom sector has reached a new height already. According to Cygnus Business Consulting & Research 2008, the mobile population would touch between 325 million and 350 million by 2008-end.Since only about 2-3% of the rural population has access to mobiles, the next level of growth is expected from the rural areas.
Currently, the GSM (global system of mobile) segment comprises 72% of the overall wireless market, while the rest 28% subscribe to CDMA (code division multiple access) services.With the phone tariff falling consistently, average revenue per user or ARPU has been on the decline too. The all-India blended ARPU per month declined by 7.4% from Rs 297 in June 2007 to Rs 275 in September 2007. The drop in the prepaid ARPU has been higher at 7.3%, as against 3.5% in postpaid.
After more than a decade in the telecom sector, players have woken up to another aspect of the business that could be a money spinner. That is, operators are hiving off their tower business into separate entities, and then roping in investors and even planning IPOs to add value.
However, the sector does have its set of concerns, such as the decline in number of fixed phones. The wireline or fixed phone subscriber base declined to 39.25 million in December 2007. It is led by PSUs, with the state-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd dominating with a market share of 82%.
Cricket
The loss at the hands of the lankan Lions in the Canberra ODI has once again proved the fact that the only consistent thing about the Indian cricket Team is their inconsistency.After putting up a sterling perfomance aginst the World Champions the Indians lost their way once again.I think some of the Players in the present Indian team gets carried away by the perfomance of the past matches,especially Sreesanth.He has to show a great deal of character and bowl to his strength.The vice captain Yuvraj Singh is also totally out of sorts. He is there in Australia for more than 50 days and not even scored a 50.Captain Dhoni defends both these players and we have to wait and see for how long will he do this.If one see the matches that were won by India in last year it is clearly evident that they were achieved due to the solid opening partnership between Sachin and Saurav.Replacing Saurav with Sehwag has disturbed that and now we are eating the fruits of that.Selectors should realise that consistency in winning is more important than winning once in a blue moon.Even Bangladesh has won against the Aussies but do we compare Ausssies and Bangladeshis?The same thing is applicable to Indians as well.Selectors should take a stern action for players who are not performing well and resting in the perfomances of the past.Simply ignoring Good players and giving more chance to the younsters will spoil the Nation's pride and kill the charm of watching a wondeful game.
RELIANCE POWER
The listing of the Reliance power on February 11 was in a dissapointing note as the hapless Indian Investors kept thier fingers crossed whether to sell and bool loss or to hold it for a long time.After all only a maximum of 17 shares was allotted for the retail investor and as such there is a maximum risk of losing around 1500 rupees which on has to take if he likes to be a part of the Share Market.But the question is why it did not meet the xpectations? what went wrong?There are several reasons for this pathetic perfomance of the largest subscribed IPO in the Idian History.One of the main reason is that the market is in a bear phase and te FIIs are in a selling mood.The second important thing is that it seems to be overpriced.But anyhow people who thought that they can get huge listing gains are forced to sell at loss.But holding the stock and rentering at the levels of around 250 will be good in long term and the brand name Reliance has got some magical powers in the stock market.my personal advice to the share holders is to hold them as it is evident that no HNI or Retail investor is selling and the selling is mainly due to the FIIs.The stock is still a gud one to hold considering its long term prospects,as everyone knows that the Power Sector is a Long term story.
What is the most sought thing in the world?If this question is asked, immediately most of us will reply that it is money and fame.Of course it is true to a greater extent in the present scenario.Most of us toil to earn more and to accumulate wealth so that it can be used in the future or it is used to improve the lifestyle.The other important thing one is very much fond of is 'fame'.Nobody in the world can boldly claim that he or she is not intersted in getting appreciated.People strive hard to be acclaimed by everybody and there are also people who simply want to be appreciated by others but do not do the necessary groundwork for that.Appreciation can be achieved only by the way of hard work and by sustained commitment to the work what they do.
After a long time I'm Back
Lot of things have happened in the due course,Boiled oil,Stock markets hitting lows and then making a strong comeback,bomb blasts in Ahmedabad and Bangalore,Governement winning the Vote of Confidence,Nuclear deal to be inked at the earliest,Amarnath row and at last the Olympics.Let's discuss these issues slowly
One of the most important ingredient which is missing in present day's life is that we do not have enough inspiring leaders, as a result of which we are unable to reap the rewards of the energetic and flamboyant youth.One can remember the famous saying that 'youth are not useless but they are used less'Lack of inspirational leaders and motivating leaders is the root cause of the derailment of the path of the youth.People like Swami Vivekananda,A.P.J.Abdul Kalam,Dr Manmohan Singh and many more were instrumental in galvanizing the power of the youth for the upliftmrnt and betterment of the mankind and bringing the nation to the path of glory.Unfortunately we do not have sufficient leaders of that kind which is a great handicap for a country like us where entire potential of the youth is not fully tapped.The present day leaders and people who are there in high positions are neither inspiring nor ethical and utilize their position to make their own benefits of derive pleasure by virtue of their position.This sets a bad precedence and these actions make the youth to resort towards means which costs their happiness and life in the future.It is imperative that people who hold high positions must be inspiring and must be highly ethical thereby acting as a perfect role model for the younger generation.It is rather pathetic to say that people ignore their responsibilities and duties when they reach the pinnacle of success.The power of youth is always underestimated and the mantle has to be taken by the youngsters to make this nation proud and free this great nation from the clutches of these irresponsible and unethical leaders who are totally a burden for this mother earth.I really feel sad and agonized to say that wherever you go people are there to crush you and to dampen your spirits.The morality and the motivation of an aspiring youth is totally shattered by the leaders who bring disrepute for the position they hold.This is the bane of this country and remains forever and there is no solution in the near future to cleanse this.Even the holy waters of Ganga will of be in a position to cleanse this sin which is so deep rooted in our country.But the most heartening fact is that we THRIVE in spite of all these impediments.Just imagine a situation if we have selfless leaders,highly inspiring and motivating leaders,highly ethical leaders both personally and officially.We can turn this Nation into a SUPREME POWER in a much shorter time and make our country as a paradise in the earth.Students of College must take a cue from this and select leaders who fall in this category and strive hard to the development of the nation.Teachers of the present generation has this onerous responsibility to shape the students as they are the destiny of the nation and having said this the same qualities what I described to be present for the leaders should also be there in each and every teacher.Especially teachers of Engineering Colleges must have this in their mind and they should try to inculcate moral and human values in the minds of the young and budding engineers who are the architects of a nation.Students too should realize that they are in an Institution to learn and to improvise their knowledge in wide areas.There should a perfect synchronism of these things both in the minds of the teacher and the students and when that happens it is the Golden era for any nation.But as said earlier the chisel is in the hands of the leaders and persons who are there in responsible positions and the duty of carving a nice sculpture is entirely dependent on them.
ON THE night of August 7th, Mikheil Saakashvili, Georgia’s president, embarked on an ill-judged assault on South Ossetia, one of his country’s two breakaway enclaves. Russian tanks, troops and aircraft poured across the border. Just five days later, after pulverising the Georgian armed forces, Russia announced that it was ending its operations.
This brutal and efficient move (see article) was a victory for Vladimir Putin, Russia’s president-turned-prime-minister, not just over Georgia but also over the West, which has been trying to prise away countries on Russia’s western borders and turn them democratic, market-oriented and friendly. Now that Russia has shown what can happen to those that distance themselves from it, doing so will be harder in future.
Living next to the bear
Russia has made perfunctory attempts to justify the invasion. It claimed that it was defending Russian citizens. This excuse, as Sweden’s foreign minister tartly noted, recalled Hitler’s justifications of Nazi invasions. Anyway, most of the “Russian citizens” in South Ossetia and Abkhazia had been handed their passports fairly recently, presumably in preparation for this foray.
Similarly, Russian attempts to draw analogies with NATO’s bombing of Serbia in 1999 and its encouragement of Kosovo’s independence, or with the American-led invasion of Iraq, do not wash. The latest fighting in South Ossetia may have been triggered by the Georgians, but it was largely engineered by the Russians, who have, over the years, fanned the flames of the conflict. As for the Iraqi parallel, not even the Russians pretend that Mr Saakashvili has ever been a threat to his neighbours and to the world.
This was no sudden response to provocation, but a long-planned move. Mr Putin resents the West’s influence in former Soviet countries such as Georgia and Ukraine, and he dislikes the puckish Mr Saakashvili intensely. He may not yet have ousted him (indeed, ordinary Georgians have rallied to support their president—so far). But by thumping down Russia’s military fist in the Caucasus, he has made clear that Russia will not tolerate excessive signs of independence from its neighbours, including bids to join the NATO alliance.
This new Russian imperialism is bad news for all its neighbours. Mr Saakashvili is an impetuous nationalist who has lately tarnished his democratic credentials. His venture into South Ossetia was foolish and possibly criminal. But, unlike Mr Putin, he has led his country in a broadly democratic direction, curbed corruption and presided over rapid economic growth that has not relied, as Russia’s mostly does, on high oil and gas prices. America’s George Bush was right, if rather slow, to declare on August 11th that it was unacceptable in the 21st century for Russia to have invaded a sovereign neighbouring state and to threaten a democratically elected government.
Yet the hard truth, for Georgians and others, is that pleas for military backing from the West in any confrontation with Russia are unlikely to be heeded. The Americans gave Mr Saakashvili token help when they transported Georgian troops home from Iraq (where 2,000 of them made up the third-largest allied contingent). And they have now sent in humanitarian aid in military aircraft and ships. But nobody is willing to risk a wider war with Russia over its claimed near-abroad. Among Russia’s immediate neighbours, only the Baltic states, which slipped into NATO when Russia was weak, can claim such protection.
That does not mean the West should do nothing in response to Russia’s aggression against Georgia. On the contrary, it still has influence over the Russians, who remain surprisingly sensitive about their international image. That is why Western leaders must make quite clear their outrage over the invasion and continued bombing of Georgia. Few have done that so far; the Italians and Germans in particular have been shamefully silent.
Above all, the West must make plain to Mr Putin that Russia’s invasion of Georgia means an end to business as usual, even if it continues to work with him on issues such as Iran. America has already cancelled some military exercises with Russia. America and the Europeans should ensure that Russia is not let into more international clubs, such as the Paris-based OECD or the World Trade Organisation. Now would also be an appropriate time to strengthen the rich-country G7, which excludes Russia, at the expense of the G8, which includes it.
The European Union, which has too often split into camps of appeasers and tough-talkers over Russia, should drop negotiations on a new partnership and co-operation agreement. Visa restrictions should be tightened, and the personal finances abroad of top Russian officials probed more carefully. The EU should work harder at reducing its dependence on Russian energy imports and improving internal energy connections—and EU countries should stop striking bilateral deals with Russia.
Let them in
In the short term, none of this is likely to deter Russia from reasserting itself in the Caucasus if it feels inclined to do so. Together, though, such measures might give Mr Putin pause before trying anything similar elsewhere—for instance in Crimea, a part of Ukraine that is home not only to many thousands of Russians but also to Russia’s Black Sea fleet. The clearer the West’s displeasure, the better the chances of getting peacekeepers and monitors from other countries into Abkhazia and South Ossetia to replace the Russian troops which have been there as peacekeepers since the early 1990s, but which should leave as they are now clearly occupying forces.
Most importantly, although Mr Saakashvili’s foolishness makes admitting Georgia harder, Russia’s incursion should not delay plans to let Ukraine and Georgia into NATO. Russia’s aggression will make these countries, and others, keener than ever on joining. The worst outcome of this war would be for the West to allow Russia a veto over any sovereign country’s membership of either NATO or the EU.
(Courtesy THE ECONOMIST)
EEE students of MCE 2 marks questions and answers will be posted on Monday i.e on 3rd nov,It is under preparation.If U need any clarification please post
2 Marks Questions and Answers
Design of Electrical apparatus
Unit I
1.Give the most important difference between Electric and Magnetic circuit.
It arises from the fact that in Electric circuit the resistance is directly dependent upon the value of current flowing and may be regarded s constant for ordinary purposes the value of reluctance of a magnetic material is dependent upon the flux passing through it.
2.Why the air gap length should be kept as minimum as possible?
Because to reduce the reluctance.
3.What is Leakage flux?
That flux which strays away from the main path is called as leakage flux.
4.How does leakage flux affects the performance of a machine.
It affects the excitation demands of salient pole machine,the leakage reactance of the windings,voltage regulation of a.c generators and transformers,commutation conditions for D.C.machines,stray load losses,circulating currents in transformer tank walls etc.
5.What is Leakage Co-efficient?
it is defined as
Ct=Useful flux+Leakage Flux/Useful Flux.
6.What are the problems associated with calculation of MMF
a.the iron surfaces around the airgap are not smooth and so the calculation of MMF may give wrong results.
b.One or both iron surfaces around the airgap may be slotted so that the flux tends to concentrate on the teeth rather than distributing uniformly.
c.There are radial ventilating ducts in the machine for cooling purposes.
d.In salient pole machines the gap dimensions are not constant over the whole pole pitch.
7.What will the value of reluctance of air gap for a slotted armature?
The value will be kgs times that with smoothe armature and Kgs has value greater than Unity.
8.What is the effect of Saliency while calculating the reluctance of the air gap?
The length of airgap is not constant over the whole pitch.This gives rise to different values of air gap density over the pole pitch.
9.Define Stacking Factor
It is the ratio of Actual iron length of iron in a stack of assembled core plates to the total axial length of stack.
10.What influences the value of stacking factor?
It depends on the thickness of the plates and the type of the insulating material used.It also depends upon the thickness of the core and the type of insulation used for the laminations.It is normally assumed to be a value of 0.9
11.State the methods employed to calculate the MMF for a tapered teeth
a.Graphical Method,b.Three ordinate method(Simpson's Rule),c.Bt1/3 method.
12.Define Apparent and Real flux density.
Apparent Flux density=total flux in slot pitch/tooth Area
real Flux density = Actual Flux in tooth/Tooth area.
13.What causes iron losses?
When ferro magnetic materials are subjected to a flux in fixed direction in space and having magnitude varying in time,losses are produced in the material called as iron or core losses.
14.Write short notes on Hysteresis loss and Eddy current losses.
Cyclic magnetization of a material occurs with a certain loss of energy.this hysteresis loss is due to form of inter molecular friction.the loss per cycle is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop and depend upon the quality of the material.The loss is expressed in terms of loss per unit volume or per unit mass.It is proportional to the frequency and proportional to the square of the magnetic flux density.
Eddy current are applied to those electric currents which circulate within a mass of conducting material when the latter is situated in a varying magnetic field.The conducting material may be considered as consisting of large number of closed conducting paths,each of which behaves like a short circuited winding.the varying magnetic field induces eddy emfs in these closed paths giving rise to eddy currents.These eddy currents produces losses in power resulting heating of materials.This loss is of importance as its effects the efficiency and heating of electrical machines.
15.How are eddy current losses reduced?
The magnetic materials used for varying magnetic fields are laminated so as to reduce eddy currents and associated losses as by laminating the area of the paths of eddy currents is reduced giving rise to a large value of resistance.
16.What is called as 'Rotating Hysteresis'
Rotors of rotating machines are subjected to fluxes that change their direction on account of their rotation.This is called as rotating Hysteresis.
17.What are Pulsation losses?
In rotating machines the armatures are slotted and as a result when the rotor moves there are rapid changes of local gap reluctances.this change in reluctance gives rise to flux pulsations producing additional losses called as pulsation losses.
18.Define specific permeance
Permeance per unit length is called as Specific permeance.
19.Define Leakage Reactance.
When leakage flux is associated with a winding carrying 'steady state ' alternating current a reactive voltage is produced.The magnetic reluctance offered to leakage flux is predominantly due to the air path under normal circumstances and leakage reactance ids directly proportional to current giving constant inductance.Therefore the reactive voltage may be regarded as due to a voltage drop in a constant leakage reactance.
20.Name the principal components of Armature leakage flux.
a.Slot leakage flux,b.Tooth Top leakage Flux,c.ZigZag Leakage flux,d.Overhang Leakage flux,e.Harmonic Leakage flux,f.Skew leakage flux,g.Peripheral leakage flux.
UNIT II
D.C.Machines.
1.What is total Electric loading?
The total flux around the armature periphery at the air gap is called the total magnetic loading.
2.What is total electric loading?
The total number of ampere conductors around the armature is called as the total electric loading.
3.Define Specific Electric and Magnetic loading.
The number of armature ampere conductors per meter of the armature is called as the specif electric loading.
Similarly the average flux density over the air gap of the machine is called as the specific magnetic loading.
4.What are the factors which affects the size of the rotating machine?
a.Speed,b.Output coefficient.
5.What are the factors that affect the choice of specific magnetic loading?
a.Maximum flux density in iron parts of the machine
b.Magnetizing current
c.Core losses.
(to be continued)
UNIT II (Continuation)
6.What is Output Equation?
the output of a machine can be expressed in terms of its main dimensions,Specific magnetic and electric loading and speed.This equation describing the relationship is called as the Output equation.
7.What are the factors which influence the choice of specific Electric loading?
a.permissible temperature rise,b.Voltage,c.Cooling coefficient,d.Size of the machine,e.Current density.
8.Define Space factor.
It is the ratio of bare conductor area to the total slot area
9.What will be the values of Space factor for high voltage machines and Why is it so?
It should be lower since greater insulation thickness is required.
10.What factors influence the separation of D&L for a machine.
a.Machine Proportion,b.Peripheral speed,c.Moment of Inertia,d.Volatge between adjacent segments.
11.Give the formula for peripheral speed.
Va = Pi * Dn
12.What is meant by staggering of brushes and why is done?
In order to prevent formation of ridges on the commutator surfaces,due to all brushes following the same track,brushes are staggered i.e.set in slightly different axial positions.Each set of +ve brushes are staggered in the axial direction with relation to the previous set of +ve brushes and -ve brushes are also similarly arranged.Each part on the commutator surface is swept past by the same number of +ve and -ve brushes resulting in uniform wear and tear of commutator with consequent absence of ridges.
13.What are the factors affecting the selection of poles?
a.frequency,b.Weight of the iron parts(Yoke area,Armature core area,overall diameter),c.Weight of copper,d.Length of Commutator,e.Labour charge,f.Flash over,g.Distortion of field form
14.How many brush arms are employed in a D.C. machine?
it is equal to the number of poles in lap wound armature and for machines with wave winding it is 2.
15.What is meant by active portion of the conductor?
Portion of the conductor which is embedded in the slot is called as active portion.
16.What are the advantages of having higher number of poles?
Higher number of poles results in reduction of the following.
a.Weight of armature core and yoke.
b.Cost of armature and field conductors.
c.Overall length and diameter of the machine.
d.Length of the commutator.
e.distortion of field form under loaded conditions.
17.State the guiding factors for selection of number of poles.
a.frequency of flux reversals should be in the range of 25 to 50 Hz.
b.The value of current/parallel path is limited to 200A,current/brush arm should not be more than 400A
c.the armature MMF must not be exceedingly large.
18.Give the range of peripheral speed and why it should not be exceeded.
The peripheral speed is sometimes the limiting factor for the diameter of the machine.The peripheral sped lies between 15 to 50 m/s and the lower value corresponds to the low speed machines.The value of peripheral speed should not exceed 30m/s because the bands of the binding wires of the overhang will have to be made strong.
19.The cross section of the pole should be circular Why?
In order that the length of the mean turn of the field winding is minimum as a circle gives minimum peripheral for a given area.Thus a circular pole section would result in reduction of cost of copper and also reduced field copper loss.
20.Give the equation for generated EMF for both generator and motor.
E = V+IaRa for Generator
E = V-IaRa for Motor.
21.Which type of winding is suited for high voltage machine?
Wave windings are preferred for high voltage machines and for small and medium speed machines.Wave winding has smaller number of conductors and therefore require smaller number of coils.This reduces the cost of manufacture and repair.Moreover there is no need for equalizer connections.Wave windings can be used for machines which have their rated current upto 400A and beyond this rating lap winding is to be used.
22.What are the advantages and disadvantages of lap winding.
Advantages.
a.The winding can be short pitched.This results in saving of copper and hence reduction in cost.
b.There are even coils/slot therefore it is possible to use more than one arrangement of conductors in the slot.
c.Each coil closes on itself at the commutator end,therefore the coils are easy to form and to wound in the core than in the case of wave windings.
Disadvantages
a.It requires equalizer connections which increases cost of the machine and complicate the construction.
23.State the factors that influence the number of armature slots.
a.Mechanical difficulties,b.Cooling of armature conductors,c.Flux pulsations,d.Commutation.
24.How many segments are used for commutator.
It is equal to the number of coils.The minimum number of segments is that which gives 15V between the segments at no load
C = 1/2 US
25.What are the losses at the commutator segments?
a. Brush contact loss b.Brush friction loss
26.What are the assumptions made in the field winding design?
a.A suitable value of leakage coefficient.
b.Flux density in the pole shoes.
c.Field MMF at full load.
d.ratio of Field MMF at full load to armature MMF at full load.
27.What will be the diameter of the commutator?
It lies between 0.6 to 0.8 of armature diameter.
(To be continued)
UNIT III
1.TRANSFORMERS
Which type of transformers have high efficiency?
Power transformers have higher efficiency ranging from 95% to 99.5% depending upon the power rating.The greater the power rating the higher the efficiency.
2.How is the flux path completed in a shell type transformer?
In a shell type transformer the windings are put around the central limb and the flux path is completed through the side limbs.
3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of three phase transformers over a bank of three single phase transformers.
Advantages
a.It's lighter,cheaper,more efficient and occupies less space.
b.Installation cost is less as there is only one unit to install.
c.Operational cost is less.
Disadvantages.
a.Difficult to transport as weight/unit is more.
b.In case of a fault the entire unit has to replaced.
4.What is a three winding transformer?
It is one which consists of three sets of windings namely primary,secondary and tertiary.These transformers have a large KVA rating and are operated at three different voltage levels namely High,Medium and low.
5.What are the reasons for using a third winding called as tertiary winding?
a.To supply a small additional load at a different voltage.
b.To supply phase compensating devices such as capacitors required for PF improvement which can be operated at different voltage.
c.In star/star or star/zig zag transformer a delta connected tertiary winding reduces the zero sequence impedance and allows adequate earth fault current to flow for the operation of protective device in order to limit the voltage imbalance which may be produced when the load is unbalanced.
d.To indicate voltage in a HV testing transformer.
6.How are transformers used in power systems classified?
a.Distribution transformers b.Power transformers.
7.What are distribution transformers?
Transformers upto a size of about 200 KVA used to step down the distribution voltage to a standard service voltage or from transmission voltage to distribution voltage are called as distribution transformers.They are kept in operation all the 24 hours a day whether they are carrying any load or not.Energy is lost in iron losses throughout the day while the copper losses account for loss in energy when the transformer is on load.Therefore these transformers should have their iron losses as small as possible when compared to their copper losses.They should be designed to have a good voltage regulation and therefore they should be designed for smaller value of leakage reactance.
8.How should the power transformers be designed?
Power transformers are put in operation during load periods and are disconnected during light load periods.Therefore these transformers should be designed to have maximum efficiency at or near full load.They are designed to have greater leakage reactance that that of the distribution transformers as he need for voltage regulation is not that important.Here the current limiting effect is much more important so the need for higher leakage reactance is justified.
9.What are the important desirable characteristics of a transformer oil.
a.Electric strength.
It should have a high dielectric strength in order to minimize clearances between the coils and from the windings to the tank.The minimum electric strength of new oils should be 3KV/mm.
b.Resistance to Emulsion.
Oil should have high resistance to emulsion in order to prevent holding water suspension in it.
c.Viscosity.
Viscosity of the oil should be small to permit rapid circulation of oil.
d.Purity.
Oil should not contain any acid,alkali or sulphur compounds.
e.Flash Point.
Flash point is the temperature at which the oil vapour ignites spontaneously.The lower the flash point the greater the vaporization of the oil.Flash point should be higher than 104 degree centigrade.
f.Sludge formation.
Sludging means slow formation of solid hydrocarbons due to heating and oxidation.Sludge is a poor conductor of heat and therefore it produces temperature gradient across winding insulation causing overheating of conductors.The deposition of sludge in the oil duct does not allow the coil to circulate freely thereby impairing cooling.The resultant increased temperature produces more sludge.This process of sludge formation and consequent overheating will continue till the transformer becomes unserviceable.Therefore contact of oil with air should be avoided in order to prevent sludge formation.
10.What are transformer bushings?
Transformers are connected to HV buses and so care must be taken to prevent flash over from HV connection to earthed bank.Connection for cables are made in cable boxes,but overhead connections must be brought through bushings specifically designed for different voltage classes.The bushings consists of current carrying parts in the form of conductor rod,bus or cable in porcelain cylinder installed in a hole in the transformer cover and is used for isolating the current carrying part.
Transformers (Contd)
11..What are tappings and what do you mean by +ve and -ve tappings?
The voltage of power networks supplied by transformers can be controlled by changing the ratio of transformation of the transformer.The change in transformation ratio can be effected by providing tappings on the transformer windings.The tappings are connections provided at different places in the winding.The tappings at which the turns included are more than that of the principal tapping is called +ve tapping while a tapping at which number of turns included is less than the number of turns included at principal tapping is called -ve tapping.
12.Why are tappings always provided in the HV side of the transformer?
a.Number of HV winding is large and therefore a fine regulation is obtained.
b.Current in LV side is very high.Therefore provision of tappings on LV windings is not practically possible.
c.The LV winding is placed on the inside nearer to the cores while the HV winding is placed outside.Therefore on account of the practical considerations it is simpler to provide tappings on the HV side.
d.It reduces the core losses which increases the efficiency during light loads.
13.What is meant by Off load tap changing and On load tap changing?
The tappings may be changed when the transformer is disconnected from the supply.This is called as off load tap changing.The off circuit tap changing is used for occasional adjustments as in the distribution transformers which
are provided with +-5% and +- 2.5% taps.The tappings may also be changed while the transformer is energized or on loads.This is called as on load tap changing.
14.What are the quantities for which a transformer is designed optimally?
a.Total volume b.Total weight c.Total cost d.Total losses.
15.Why are circular coils preferred for high voltage distribution transformers?
Circular coils are preferred because of their superior mechanical characteristics.A transformer coil under mechanical stresses produced by excessive leakage flux due to short circuits tend to assume a circular form.On circular coils these forces are radial and there is no tendency for the coil to change its shape, on rectangular coils the forces are perpendicular to the conductors and tend to give the coil a circular form thus deforming it.
16.What is circumscribing circle?
As the size of the transformer increases it becomes a waste to use a rectangular core.For this purpose the core are square shaped,the circle represents the inner surface if the tubular form carrying the windings.This circle is called a circumscribing circle.For larger transformers cruciform cores which utilizes the space better are used.
17.What are the advantages of choosing a higher flux density for the core?
Higher flux density gives a smaller core area and therefore there is a saving in cost of iron.Also with reduction in core area the length of the mean turn of the windings is also reduced.thus there is saving in copper and iron costs.
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